Mutation

A genetic mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence. DNA functions as an instruction manual that guides how our cells develop and operate. When a mutation occurs, one or more “letters” of this genetic code may be changed, added, removed, or rearranged. Mutations can arise spontaneously during cell division or be caused by external factors such as radiation, certain chemicals, or errors in DNA repair mechanisms. They may affect a single gene, part of a gene, or, more rarely, larger regions of the genome. Depending on their type and location, mutations can have no effect, be beneficial, or be harmful. Some mutations disrupt the production or function of a protein and may contribute to genetic disorders or increase the risk of certain diseases, such as cancer. Other mutations are simply natural variations that contribute to genetic diversity among individuals.